Apophis - Near-Earth Asteroid    
Asteroids    
BRICS    
Fath-360 Missile    
Yudh Abhyas    
Kawasaki Disease    
India-GCC Foreign Ministers' Meeting    
Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant    
Helium    
Road Safety    

1. Apophis - Near-Earth Asteroid
Overview:
•    Apophis is a near-Earth asteroid, known for its close flybys and the initial concerns regarding its potential collision with Earth.
•    It is about 335 meters wide, making it one of the larger near-Earth objects.

Name and Discovery:
•    Named after the ancient Egyptian god of chaos and darkness, symbolizing its initially feared threat.
•    Discovered in 2004, and initially identified as posing a significant potential threat to Earth.

•    Early predictions suggested possible close encounters in 2029, 2036, and 2068, although NASA has since ruled out collisions for the first two events.
Near-Earth Flyby (2021):
•    On 5th March 2021, Apophis passed within 17 million km of Earth.
•    Scientists used radar observations during this flyby to study the asteroid's orbit and future trajectory in more detail.
Significance:
•    Asteroid studies like that of Apophis are vital for improving planetary defense measures and understanding potential hazards posed by near-Earth objects (NEOs).

Prelims Question:
With reference to Apophis, consider the following statements:
1.    Apophis was predicted to have a close flyby of Earth in 2021 and a potential collision in 2068.
2.    The asteroid is named after an Egyptian god of light and prosperity.
3.    Apophis is about 500 meters wide, making it one of the largest near-Earth objects.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 3 only
B)    1 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1 and 2 only
Answer: B) 1 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of tracking near-Earth objects like Apophis in the context of planetary defense. How do such observations contribute to global safety measures against potential asteroid collisions?


2. Asteroids
•    Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun and are much smaller than planets. They are also referred to as minor planets.
•    According to NASA, there are 9,94,383 known asteroids. These are remnants from the formation of the solar system, over 4.6 billion years ago.
Classification of Asteroids:
1.    Main Asteroid Belt:
o    Located between Mars and Jupiter.
o    Estimated to contain between 1.1 to 1.9 million asteroids.
2.    Trojans:
o    Asteroids that share an orbit with a larger planet.
o    These objects move in the same orbit as the planet but at different points along the path.
3.    Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA):
o    Asteroids that have orbits that
pass close to Earth.
o    Earth-crossers are asteroids whose orbits intersect with Earth’s orbit.
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs):
•    Out of more than 10,000 near-Earth asteroids, over 1,400 are classified as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs).
•    PHAs are identified based on their potential to make close approaches to Earth, with certain parameters measuring their threat level.

make threatening close approaches to Earth.
3. The Main Asteroid Belt is located between Earth and Mars.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of studying Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) and the measures taken by space agencies to track and mitigate asteroid threats to Earth.

3. BRICS
About:
•    BRICS is a grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
•    The BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held annually to discuss key global and regional issues.
•    15th BRICS Summit: Hosted by South Africa in 2023.
•    16th BRICS Summit: Scheduled to be hosted by Russia in October 2024.
 

Prelims Question:
With reference to asteroids, consider the following statements:
1.    Asteroids that cross Earth's orbit are referred to as Trojans.
2.    Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are identified based on their potential to
 

Formation of BRICS:

•    The grouping was informally formed in 2006 during a meeting of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) on the sidelines of the G8 Outreach Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia.

A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

•    The first BRIC Foreign Ministers' Meeting         

was held in New York in 2006.
•    The inaugural BRIC Summit was held in 2009 in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
•    In 2010, South Africa joined the group, leading to the formation of BRICS.
Key Milestones:
•    At the 6th BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil (2014), the New Development Bank (NDB) was established to finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other developing countries.
Significance:
•    BRICS represents approximately 45% of the world's population (~3.5 billion people).
•    The combined economies of BRICS members exceed USD 28.5 trillion, accounting for around 28% of the global economy.
•    With recent expansions, including countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, and UAE, BRICS now accounts for about 44% of global crude oil production.

Prelims Question:
With reference to BRICS, consider the following statements:
1.    BRICS was initially formed in 2006 as BRIC, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
2.    South Africa joined BRICS in 2010.
3.    The New Development Bank (NDB) was established at the 1st BRICS Summit.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of BRICS in reshaping the global economic and geopolitical landscape. What are the challenges faced by the BRICS nations in achieving their collective goals?

4.    Fath-360 Missile
Overview:
•    Fath-360, also known as Fateh-360, is an Iranian short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) designed for precision tactical strikes.
•    It is intended for targeting military installations, infrastructure, and strategic assets.

Key Features:
•    Launch Weight: 787 kilograms.
•    Speed: Capable of reaching speeds between Mach 3 to 4.
•    Engine: Powered by a solid-fuel engine, allowing for rapid deployment and swift launch.
•    Range: Approximately 120 to 300 kilometers.
•    Warhead: Can carry a 150-kilogram warhead. 
•    Design: Small and maneuverable, making it harder for air defense systems to intercept.
•    Guidance System: Equipped with a combination of inertial guidance system and satellite navigation for high accuracy, with a 30-meter Circular Error Probable (CEP).
•    Launch System: The missile is launched using a truck-mounted Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL), capable of launching multiple missiles.
Significance:
•    The Fath-360’s mobility and precision make it a key asset for tactical battlefield use, posing challenges for conventional air defense systems due to its maneuverability and quick launch capabilities.

Prelims Question:
With reference to the Fath-360 missile, consider the following statements:
1.    It is an Iranian short-range ballistic missile designed for precision strikes.
2.    The missile uses a liquid-fuel engine, which allows for rapid deployment.
3.    It has a range of 120 to 300 kilometers and uses a combination of inertial guidance and satellite navigation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only

Mains Question:

warfare. How do advancements in missile technology impact global security dynamics?

5. Yudh Abhyas
Overview:
•    Yudh Abhyas is an annual joint military exercise between India and the USA.
•    It has been conducted since 2004, aimed at enhancing military cooperation through training, cultural exchanges, and joint operations.

Yudh Abhyas 2024:
•    This is the 20th edition of the exercise.
Location:
•    Conducted at the Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan, India.
Key Features:
•    Focuses on improving interoperability and strengthening the operational capabilities of both armies.
•    Involves advanced military tactics and coordinated maneuvers to prepare for high-stakes scenarios.
•    Features a large U.S. contingent of around
600 personnel.
•    U.S. Army will deploy Stryker infantry vehicles and the M142 HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System), known for precision strikes and their use in Ukraine.

Discuss the strategic significance of short-range         

ballistic missiles like the Fath-360 in modern

Prelims Question:


With reference to the Yudh Abhyas exercise, consider the following statements:
1.    Yudh Abhyas is an annual joint military
 

Cause:

one of the most common causes of
acquired heart disease in children.

exercise between India and the UK.
2.    The 2024 edition is being conducted at the Mahajan Field Firing Range in Rajasthan.
3.    The exercise includes the deployment of the U.S. M142 HIMARS artillery system.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of joint military exercises like Yudh Abhyas in enhancing India- USA defense cooperation. How do such exercises contribute to regional stability and military preparedness?

6. Kawasaki Disease
Overview:
•    Kawasaki Disease, also called Kawasaki syndrome or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a rare illness that primarily

•    The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be linked to an abnormal immune response. More cases are observed in late winter and early spring.
Impact:
•    Kawasaki Disease mainly affects the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle.
•    It can also cause inflammation in the lymph nodes, skin, and the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat.
Symptoms:
•    Fever lasting more than five days.
•    Rash and swelling of the hands and feet.
•    Redness and irritation of the eyes.
•    Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
•    Inflammation and irritation of the mouth, lips, and throat.
History:
•    The disease was first described by Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan in 1967. The first cases outside of Japan were reported in Hawaii in 1976.
Significance:
•    Though rare, it can lead to serious heart complications if untreated, making early detection and treatment essential.

affects children under 5 years of age.         

•    It is characterized by fever and
inflammation of the blood vessels, and is

Prelims Question:
With reference to Kawasaki Disease, consider the following statements:
1.    Kawasaki Disease primarily affects adults over the age of 50.
2.    It causes inflammation of blood vessels, primarily in children.
3.    The exact cause of Kawasaki Disease is unknown.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and complications of Kawasaki Disease in children. How can early diagnosis and intervention help prevent long-term cardiac complications?

7.    India-GCC Foreign Ministers' Meeting
In News:
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar attended the First India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
•    Established: 1981
•    Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
•    Purpose: Promotes economic, security, cultural, and social cooperation among the six member states.
•    Annual Summit: Discusses cooperation and regional affairs.
India-GCC Relations Introduction
•    Geographical proximity: India and the Gulf region are separated only by the Arabian Sea, making it an immediate neighbor.
•    Strategic and Economic Importance: The GCC is a major trading and investment partner for India.
Geostrategic Importance
•    Strategic Sea Lane: GCC countries are located along the Persian Gulf, a key sea route for global trade.

•    Political Stability: Both India and GCC countries share an interest in ensuring regional security and political stability.
Political Dialogue
•    First Dialogue: Held in 2003 on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly.
•    MoU Signed (2022): Establishes a framework for annual dialogue between India's External Affairs Ministry and the GCC-Troika, fostering regular consultations on key issues.
Economic and Commercial Relations
•    Diversification: Beyond oil, GCC nations are expanding into tourism, construction, and finance, offering opportunities for Indian trade and investment.
•    Bilateral Trade (FY 2023-24):
o    Total: USD 161.59 billion
o    Exports: USD 56.3 billion
o    Imports: USD 105.3 billion
•    Oil Prices: Trade surged due to rising oil prices and post-COVID demand recovery.
India-GCC Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
•    Framework Agreement (2004): Signed to enhance economic cooperation.
•    Ongoing Negotiations: The FTA between India and the GCC may gain momentum after the successful India-UAE FTA.
Energy Cooperation
•    GCC Oil Reserves: Nearly 50% of global oil reserves are in GCC countries.
•    India's Energy Dependence:
o    35% of India's oil imports
o    70% of gas imports come from GCC nations.
•    Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): India is in discussions with GCC countries regarding participation in the second phase of its SPR project.
Indian Diaspora and Remittances
•    Indian Expats in GCC: Approximately 8.9 million Indians live in the GCC, 
constituting 66% of all non-resident Indians.
•    Remittances:
o    GCC remittances contribute around 30% of India's inward remittances (down from 50% in 2016-17). Despite the decline, it remains a significant part of total remittances.

Prelims Question:
Which of the following countries is NOT a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)?
A)    Bahrain
B)    Iran
C)    Oman
D)    UAE
Answer: B) Iran

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the India-GCC relationship in the context of energy security, economic cooperation, and geopolitical stability. What role does the Indian diaspora play in strengthening these ties?

8.    Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant
•    Location: Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi, UAE, about 53 km from Ruwais, on the Arabian Gulf.
•    Significance: The first nuclear energy plant in the Arab world.
•    Construction Timeline: Began in July 2012, with the first reactor operational in 2020.
•    Capacity: Consists of four nuclear reactors.
Key Highlights:
•    Carbon Emission Reduction: Once fully operational, the plant is expected to

prevent the release of up to 21 million tonnes of carbon emissions annually.

•    Electricity Production: It will produce 40 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity per year.
•    Power Contribution: The plant is expected to meet up to 25% of the UAE's electricity needs, equivalent to New Zealand's annual consumption.
•    Industrial Support: It will supply electricity to key companies, including the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Emirates Steel, and Emirates Global Aluminium.

Prelims Question:
Which of the following statements regarding the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is correct?
1.    It is the first nuclear plant in the Arab world.
2.    The plant will produce 40 terawatt-hours of electricity annually.
3.    It is located in the Emirate of Dubai.
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant for the UAE's energy strategy. How does the plant contribute to the country's goal
of reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy security?

9. Helium
•    Atomic Number: 2 (Second lightest element after hydrogen).

•    Properties:
o    Inert: Does not react with other substances or combust.
o    Low Boiling Point: -268.9°C, enabling it to remain in a gaseous state even in extremely cold conditions.
o    Non-toxic: However, it displaces oxygen, making it unsafe for respiration on its own.
Uses in Rockets:
•    Pressurization of Fuel Tanks: Helium is used to maintain the pressure in fuel tanks to ensure continuous fuel flow to the engines.
•    Cooling Systems: Utilized due to its low boiling point and non-reactive properties.
•    Inert Filler: Helium fills the empty spaces in fuel tanks during combustion, maintaining the tank's pressure without reacting with residual contents.
Leakage Tendency:
•    Prone to Leaks: Due to its small atomic size and low molecular weight, helium can

escape through tiny gaps in storage tanks or fuel systems.
•    Leak Detection: Its scarcity in the atmosphere makes helium an ideal gas for detecting leaks in fuel systems and identifying faults in rockets or spacecraft.

Prelims Question:
Which of the following is a correct use of helium in rocket systems?
1.    It is used to pressurize fuel tanks to ensure continuous fuel flow.
2.    It is used as a fuel in rocket engines.
3.    It helps maintain the temperature of the spacecraft's outer surface.
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 only

Mains Question:
Examine the role of helium in rocket technology. Why is it considered essential for fuel tank pressurization and cooling systems in spacecraft, and what challenges arise due to its properties?

10.Road Safety
Context:
•    According to a Lancet Study, interventions targeting speeding can save 20,000 lives annually in India. Addressing key risk factors like speeding, drunk driving, non-use of helmets and seatbelts could prevent 25% to 40% of 13.5 lakh fatal road injuries worldwide each year.
Key Highlights:
•    As per the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways’ 2020 report, there were 1,31,714 deaths due to road accidents in India.
o    Speeding accounted for 69.3% of deaths.
o    Non-wearing of helmets led to
30.1% of deaths.
o    Non-use of seatbelts caused
11.5% of fatalities.
•    Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) are the eighth leading cause of death globally, particularly affecting those aged 5-29 years.
•    India accounts for 10% of all global crash- related deaths.
Significance of Road Safety in India
•    Road transport is the dominant mode of transportation, contributing significantly to India's national economy.
•    The increased vehicle numbers and the growing road network have led to a rise in accidents.
Causes of Road Accidents
1.    Infrastructural Deficits:
o    Poor road conditions, vehicle quality, and inadequate road design.
2.    Negligence and Risks:
o    Over speeding, driving under the influence, not using helmets/seatbelts.
3.    Distraction:
o    Mobile phone usage while driving.
4.    Overloading:
o    To cut transportation costs.
5.    Weak Vehicle Safety Standards:

o    Indian car models have failed UN frontal impact crash tests.
6.    Lack of Awareness:
o    Safety features like airbags and Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) are underutilized.
Impacts of Road Accidents
1.    Economic Losses:
o    Road accidents cost 3% of India's GDP annually.
2.    Social Impacts:
o    Road accidents push families into
poverty and debt.
o    Women bear an additional burden post-accidents, often working more to compensate for lost household income.
o    The World Bank report highlighted that 50% of women are affected by a decline in household income post-accidents.
Controlling Road Accidents
1.    Speed-Detection Devices:
o    Installing devices like radar and speed detection cameras.
o    Examples: Chandigarh and New Delhi use digital cameras and Radar guns for traffic control.
2.    Improved Safety Measures:
o    Implementing speed humps, raised platforms, and roundabouts.
3.    Stricter Rules and Fines:
o    Heavy fines for traffic rule violations, especially for driving under the influence.
Initiatives Related to Road Safety Global:
1.    Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety (2015):
o    India is a signatory to the declaration aiming to achieve SDG

3.6 (halving global road deaths by 2030).
2.    Decade of Action for Road Safety (2021- 2030):
o    UN's ambitious target of preventing 50% of road traffic deaths by 2030.
3.    International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP):
o    A global initiative dedicated to making roads safer.

Discuss the challenges in ensuring road safety in India. How can stricter regulations and technological interventions improve road safety and reduce fatalities?

India:
1.    Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019:
o    Increases penalties for traffic violations.
o    Establishes a Motor Vehicle Accident Fund and a National Road Safety Board.
2.    Control of National Highways Act, 2000:
o    Regulates land use and traffic on national highways.
3.    National Highways Authority of India Act, 1998:
o    Establishes an authority for the development and maintenance of national highways.

Prelims Question:
Which of the following measures can effectively reduce road accidents in India?
1.    Implementing speed detection devices like radar guns.
2.    Using seat belts and helmets.
3.    Reducing fines for traffic violations.
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only