Interpol: International Cooperation in Criminal Justice    
Loss and Damage Fund (LDF):    
Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI):    
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)    
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)    
Centralized Pension Payment System (CPPS)    
National Test House (NTH)    
SAMRIDH Scheme    
Parliamentary Committees    
Lancet Study on Micronutrient Inadequacies    
New Flag and Insignia of the Supreme Court of India    
 

1.    Interpol: International Cooperation in Criminal Justice
About Interpol:
•    Full Name: International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).
•    Purpose: Facilitates international police cooperation against cross-border crimes such as terrorism, trafficking, and organized crime.
•    Members: 195 countries, making it the largest international police organization.
•    Headquarters: Lyon, France.
•    Official Languages: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish.
Status:
•    Independent Organization: Interpol is not part of the United Nations but collaborates with various UN agencies.
 

•    Role: It serves as a platform for international police cooperation but does not conduct criminal investigations.
Governance Structure:
•    General Assembly: Consists of one delegate from each member country and is the highest decision-making body.
•    General Secretariat: Handles daily operations, led by the Secretary General, who is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly.
•    Executive Committee: Composed of 13 members, representing different regions; oversees decisions made by the General Assembly and supervises the Secretary General.
National Central Bureau (NCB):
•    Each country has an NCB, which acts as the main point of contact for the General Secretariat and other NCBs.
•    India's NCB: Represented by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) under the Union Home Ministry.

Notices Issued by Interpol:
•    Interpol issues eight types of notices for sharing crime-related information among member countries.
1.    Red Notice:
o    Seeks the location and arrest of a wanted individual for extradition.
2.    Blue Notice:
o    Requests information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.
3.    Green Notice:
o    Warns of potential threats posed by a person's criminal activities.
4.    Yellow Notice:
o    Aids in locating missing persons or identifying individuals who cannot identify themselves.
5.    Black Notice:
o    Requests information about unidentified bodies.
6.    Orange Notice:
o    Warns of potential threats from persons, objects, or events that could pose danger.
7.    Purple Notice:
o    Provides details on criminal methods, devices, or hiding places.
8.    Interpol-UNSC Special Notice:
o    Alerts member countries about individuals or entities subject to UN sanctions.

Prelims Question:
With reference to Interpol, consider the following statements:
1.    Interpol is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
2.    Interpol does not conduct its own criminal investigations.

3.    India’s National Central Bureau is represented by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: C) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of Interpol in combating transnational crime. Highlight the challenges faced by Interpol in ensuring effective international police cooperation.

2. Loss and Damage Fund (LDF):
Introduction:
•    Established: 2022 UNFCCC Conference (COP27) in Egypt.
•    Purpose: To provide financial support to regions suffering economic and non- economic losses due to climate change.
Key Features:
•    Economic Loss and Damage: Refers to monetary losses, such as the cost of rebuilding infrastructure after floods or revenue loss from crops destroyed by drought.
•    Non-Economic Loss and Damage: Refers to losses that cannot be easily quantified, such as trauma from natural disasters, displacement, or loss of biodiversity.
Significance:
•    Designed to offer critical financial support to vulnerable nations disproportionately affected by climate change.
Governance:
 

•    Governing Board: Oversees the disbursement of funds.
•    World Bank: Serves as the interim trustee for four years.
Funding:
•    Support is provided through grants and concessional financing to eligible countries.
•    Contributions: Encourages voluntary contributions from developed nations and invites developing nations to contribute as well.

Prelims Question:
With reference to the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), consider the following statements:
1.    The LDF was established at COP26 in Glasgow.
2.    The World Bank serves as the interim trustee for the fund.
3.    Non-economic losses include the loss of community due to displacement.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Examine the role of the Loss and Damage Fund in addressing the challenges faced by vulnerable nations due to climate change. How can developed countries contribute to ensuring the fund's effectiveness?

3. Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI):
•    Definition: VFI occurs when sub-national governments (like states) have more

expenditure responsibilities than the revenues they generate.
•    Explanation: It reflects a mismatch where sub-national governments cannot finance their spending solely through their own revenue sources.
•    Vertical Fiscal Asymmetry (VFA): Refers to the imbalance in the decentralization of revenue collection and expenditure responsibilities.
•    Resolution: VFI can be addressed through financial transfers from the Union (central) government to state governments, or by reassigning revenue and expenditure responsibilities.
Difference Between Horizontal and Vertical Fiscal Imbalance:
•    Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance (HFI): Occurs when revenues and spending are mismatched between different regions (states), leading to inequality in resource distribution across the country.
•    Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI): Refers to the mismatch between different levels of government (national and sub-national), where sub-national entities rely on transfers from the central government to meet their spending needs.
Example:
•    A VFI happens when state governments depend on the central government for fiscal transfers to finance programs like health or education, while HFI might arise when richer states generate more revenue compared to poorer states.

Prelims Question:
Consider the following statements about Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI):
1.    VFI occurs when sub-national governments generate more revenue than their expenditure needs.
2.    VFI can be addressed through financial transfers from the Union government to state governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    2 only
C)    Both 1 and 2
D)    Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B) 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the causes and implications of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) in federal structures. How can this imbalance be addressed through fiscal decentralization and transfers?

4. Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
•    Definition: PAC is a parliamentary committee responsible for auditing the revenue and expenditure of the Government of India. It ensures government spending is within the approved budget.
•    Primary Function: The main role is to examine the audit report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) after it is presented in Parliament. The committee verifies whether funds granted by Parliament were spent correctly by the government.
•    Role of C&AG: C&AG assists the committee in its investigation by providing necessary audit reports.
Genesis of PAC:
•    Formation: Established in 1921, PAC is one of India's oldest parliamentary committees.
•    Evolution: Initially, the Finance Member served as the Chairperson, and the

Finance Department managed its secretarial functions. After the Constitution of India came into force in 1950, PAC became a parliamentary body overseen by the Speaker.
Membership:
•    PAC consists of 22 members:
o    15 members from the Lok Sabha.
o    7 members from the Rajya Sabha.
•    Election: Members are elected yearly based on proportional representation by a single transferable vote system.
•    Chairperson: Appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the position is traditionally held by a member of the Opposition since 1967-68.
•    Term: Members serve for one year.
•    Restriction: Ministers cannot be members of the PAC. If a member is appointed as a minister, they cease to be part of the committee.
Functions of PAC:
1.    Scrutinizing Government Accounts: PAC examines accounts related to funds granted by Parliament, verifying if they were properly utilized.
2.    Examining C&AG Reports: It ensures expenditure is within legal authority and adheres to the rules governing appropriations.
3.    Evaluating Financial Integrity: PAC looks into cases of financial irregularities, losses, and unjustified expenditures.
Prelims Question:
Which of the following statements about the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is correct?
1.    The PAC was formed in 1950 after the adoption of the Constitution of India.
2.    The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) assists the PAC in its investigations.
3.    The Chairperson of the PAC is always a member of the ruling party.
Select the correct option:
A)    1 only
B)    2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    2 and 3 only
Answer: B) 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the role of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in ensuring financial accountability in the Indian parliamentary system. How does PAC contribute to transparency in government spending?

5. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)
Overview
•    Established: 2000 to formalize and strengthen the strategic partnership between China and African nations.
•    Summit Frequency: Conducted every three years, with the host alternating between China and an African member nation.
Member Countries
•    Members: 53 African nations are part of FOCAC. The only exception is Eswatini, which maintains diplomatic relations with

China-Africa Community with a Shared Future."
Key Focus Areas
1.    State Governance: Discussions on improving governance structures and building robust political systems.
2.    Industrialization: Promoting industrial growth in African economies, focusing on modernization and development.
3.    Agricultural Upgradation: Supporting technological advancements and improvements in agricultural practices across African countries.
4.    Infrastructure Financing: Strengthened cooperation under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), focusing on building infrastructure and connectivity across Africa.
Significance of FOCAC
•    China-Africa Relations: FOCAC serves as a platform for deepening political, economic, and cultural ties between China and Africa.
•    Economic Growth: Enhances trade and investment flows between China and Africa, creating new opportunities for both regions.
•    BRI Synergy: Aligns Africa’s infrastructure development goals with China’s Belt and Road Initiative, providing Africa access to Chinese funding and expertise.

Taiwan, opposing China's "One China"         

policy.
•    African Union Commission (AUC): The continental bloc that promotes cooperation and economic integration across its member nations is also a member.
Theme for 2024
•    Theme: "Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level

Prelims Question:
With reference to the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), consider the following statements:
1.    Eswatini is the only African nation not part of FOCAC due to its diplomatic ties with Taiwan.
2.    FOCAC summits are held every year with the host country alternating between China and an African nation.
3.    The African Union Commission is a member of FOCAC.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the Forum on China- Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in promoting Africa's economic development. How does it

Orders (PPO) when pensioners relocate or change their bank/branch.
•    Greater Flexibility: Provides convenience for pensioners who move after retirement, especially retirees who return to their hometowns.
•    Estimated to benefit over 78 lakh EPFO EPS pensioners.
Implementation
•    Launch Date: 1st January 2025.
•    Part of EPFO’s ongoing IT modernization project (CITES 2.01), which enhances efficiency and service delivery for pensioners.

align with China's Belt and Road Initiative?         
Prelims Question:
With reference to the Centralized Pension

6. Centralized Pension Payment
System (CPPS)
Overview
•    Objective: A national-level centralized system to allow pension payouts through any bank or branch in India, replacing the current decentralized system where each EPFO Zonal/Regional Office disburses pensions through individual arrangements with a few banks.
Eligibility for Pension under Employees' Pension Scheme (EPS)
•    Must be a member of EPFO.
•    Must have completed 10 years of service.
•    Must have reached the age of 58.
•    Option to withdraw at a reduced rate from age 50.
•    Option to defer pension until 60 years,

Payment System (CPPS), consider the following statements:
1.    Pensioners will not need to transfer their Pension Payment Orders (PPO) when they change banks or relocate.
2.    CPPS will be implemented as part of EPFO’s IT modernization project, launching in 2025.
3.    All EPFO members are eligible for pensions under CPPS, irrespective of years of service.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

with an additional 4% pension for each         

year of deferment.
Benefits of CPPS
•    Nationwide Pension Disbursement: Ensures pensions are paid without needing to transfer Pension Payment

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the Centralized Pension Payment System (CPPS) in ensuring efficient pension disbursement for EPFO pensioners. How will this benefit retirees, especially those who relocate post-retirement?
7. National Test House (NTH)
•    Established: 1912
•    Under: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
•    Role: India’s largest multi-location, multidisciplinary industrial central government testing laboratory.
•    Services: Technical consultancy, testing, calibration, and quality evaluation in accordance with national and international standards.
•    Branches: Located in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Ghaziabad, Jaipur, Guwahati, and Varanasi.
•    Key Fact: NTH is the pioneering governmental entity in India for drone certification.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
•    Established: 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
•    Objective: To reduce energy intensity in the Indian economy.
•    Functions:
o    Coordinates with designated consumers, agencies, and organizations.
o    Identifies and utilizes existing resources for promoting energy conservation.
o    Implements regulatory and promotional functions under the EC Act.
•    Regulatory Functions:
o    Minimum energy performance standards for equipment, appliances, and commercial buildings.
o    Energy Consumption Norms for designated consumers.
•    Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Power.

Prelims Question:
With reference to the National Test House (NTH), consider the following statements:
1.    NTH was established in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act.
2.    It is responsible for technical consultancy, testing, and quality evaluation as per international standards.
3.    It is India’s primary governmental entity for drone certification.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    2 only
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in promoting energy conservation in India. How does BEE contribute to reducing the energy intensity of the Indian economy?

8. SAMRIDH Scheme
•    Full Form: Startup Accelerators of MeitY for Product Innovation, Development, and Growth (SAMRIDH)
•    Launched by: Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY)
•    Launch Year: August 2021
•    Objective: To accelerate 300 software product startups with a budget of ₹99 crore over 4 years under the National Policy on Software Products, 2019.
Key Features:
•    Focus Areas:
o    Providing customer and investor connections.
o Supporting startups to expand to
international markets.
•    Eligibility for Accelerators:
o    Registered under Section- 8/Society or as a Not-for-Profit Company.
o    At least 3 years of startup experience with support extended to more than 50 startups, 10 of which should have received external investments.
o    Experience in running startup program cohorts.
•    Funding Support:
o    Matching funding up to ₹40 lakh by MeitY for eligible startups.
o    Services include market fit, business plans, investor connections, and international expansion.
Implementing Agencies:
•    MeitY Startup Hub (MSH) and Digital India Corporation (DIC).

Prelims Question:
Which of the following is correct about the SAMRIDH Scheme?
1.    It is implemented by the Ministry of Commerce.
2.    It aims to support 300 software product startups.
3.    It provides matching funding up to ₹40 lakh by MeitY.
Select the correct answer:
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    2 only
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:

Discuss the role of the SAMRIDH scheme in fostering innovation and accelerating software product startups in India. How does it contribute to the overall growth of the startup ecosystem?

9. Parliamentary Committees
What is a Parliamentary Committee?
•    A Parliamentary Committee is a body of MPs elected or appointed by the Speaker/Chairman of either house of Parliament. These committees are tasked with scrutinizing government functions, policies, and legislation.
•    They operate under the guidance of the Speaker or Chairman and submit reports to Parliament.
•    Their authority is derived from the Constitution.
Constitutional Articles Related to Parliamentary Committees:
•    Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of Parliament and its committees.
•    Article 118: Each House may make rules regarding its procedures and conduct of business.
Types of Parliamentary Committees
1.    Standing Committees: Permanent committees that focus on specific policy areas (e.g., finance, foreign affairs).
2.    Ad hoc Committees: Temporary committees established for specific purposes, like reviewing a particular bill or issue.
Types of Ad Hoc Committees:
•    Inquiry Committees
•    Advisory Committees
•    Examples: Select Committees, Joint Committees on Bills.
Powers and Functions of Parliamentary Committees
•    Reviewing Government Work: Scrutinize government policies and recommend improvements.
•    Summoning Ministers/Officials: Committees can summon officials to answer questions.
•    Examining Bills: Committees review and suggest amendments to bills before passing into law.
•    Recommendations: Suggest changes to ensure laws conform to constitutional standards.
Significance of Parliamentary Committees
•    Expertise: Committees bring subject- specific expertise, enabling detailed examination of issues.
•    Checks and Balances: They act as a check on the executive by scrutinizing its actions.
•    Strengthening Laws: Committees ensure laws are robust by suggesting improvements.
o Example: The Consumer Protection Act 2019 was strengthened after committee recommendations.
•    Budgetary Oversight: Committees like the Departmental Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) examine ministry budgets.
•    Consensus Building: Closed-door

•    Lack of Independence: Committees sometimes face pressure from the government or external groups.
•    Limited Powers: Committees lack enforcement powers for their recommendations.
•    Poor Participation: MP attendance and participation in committee meetings are often low.
•    Political Influence: Committees can be swayed by party leaders or powerful entities.
•    Insufficient Meetings: Parliamentary sessions are short, reducing the time available for committees.
•    Lack of Detailed Scrutiny: Only a small proportion of issues, such as the budget, receive thorough scrutiny.
Suggestive Measures for Improvement
•    Increased Resources and Time: More funds and time should be allotted to committees for thorough review.
•    Enhancing Independence: Committees should operate without pressure from the government or influential groups.
•    Public Visibility: More transparency can be achieved by publishing committee reports and holding public hearings.
•    Encouraging Participation: Incentivizing MPs to take an active part in committee work.

meetings foster cooperation across party         

lines.
•    Public Engagement: Committees enable citizens and organizations to contribute to the legislative process.
Issues and Challenges
•    Resource Constraints: Limited technical support and expertise available for committees.

Prelims Question:
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Parliamentary Committees?
1.    They derive their authority from Article 105 of the Constitution.
2.    Ad hoc committees are permanent and focus on specific policy areas.
3.    Standing committees are temporary and focus on specific bills or issues.

Select the correct answer:
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the role of Parliamentary Committees in strengthening democracy. What challenges do they face, and how can their effectiveness be improved?

10.    Lancet Study on Micronutrient Inadequacies
The News:
•    A study published in Lancet Global Health highlighted the global inadequacy of micronutrient intake, particularly for iodine, vitamin E, calcium, iron, riboflavin, and folate across different regions and age groups.
•    This study underscores the need for nutritional interventions like dietary modifications, biofortification, fortification, and supplementation.
About Micronutrients:
•    Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals required by the body in small amounts (e.g., Iron, Vitamin A, Iodine).
•    They are crucial for the production of enzymes, hormones, and other substances necessary for normal growth and development.
Impact of Micronutrient Deficiencies:
•    Severe Conditions: Can lead to serious health issues, especially in children and pregnant women (e.g., Anemia).
•    General Health: Can cause less visible but significant health problems such as reduced energy levels and mental clarity.

•    Long-Term Effects: Affects educational outcomes, work productivity, and increases vulnerability to other diseases.
Types of Malnutrition:
•    Wasting: Low weight-for-height due to inadequate food intake or illness.
•    Stunting: Low height-for-age caused by prolonged undernutrition.
•    Underweight: Low weight-for-age, possibly indicating wasting, stunting, or both.
•    Micronutrient-related Malnutrition:
o    Vitamin A Deficiency: Leads to vision impairment and weakened immunity.
o    Iron Deficiency: Causes anemia, leading to fatigue and weakness.
o    Iodine Deficiency: Causes thyroid disorders affecting growth and cognitive development.
Obesity:
•    Results from excessive calorie intake and sedentary lifestyles, leading to health risks like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
•    Defined by BMI: Overweight (BMI ≥ 25) and Obesity (BMI ≥ 30).
Diet-related Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs):
•    Includes cardiovascular diseases often linked to unhealthy diets and inadequate nutrition.
WHO’s Role in Preventing Micronutrient Deficiencies:
•    Ambition and Action in Nutrition (2016- 2025): Aims to eliminate all forms of malnutrition.
•    Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation: Prevents deficiencies, especially in pregnant women.
•    High-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation: Prevents vitamin A deficiency in children.
•    Fortification of Foods:
o    Salt Iodization: Reduces iodine deficiency.
o    Wheat Flour Fortification: Combats anemia with added iron and folic acid.
Status of Malnutrition in India:
•    Undernourishment: India has 194.6 million undernourished people, the highest in the world (SOFI Report 2024).
•    Child Malnutrition: According to NFHS-5 (2019-21):
o    36% of children under 5 are
stunted.
o    19% are wasted.
o    32% are underweight.
•    Global Hunger Index 2023: India’s score of 28.7 is considered serious, with the highest child wasting rate (18.7%).
Consequences of Malnutrition:
•    Health Effects:
o    Impaired Growth: Affects both physical development and cognitive abilities.
o    Compromised Immunity: Increases susceptibility to diseases.
o    Nutrient Deficiencies: Causes issues like anemia and vitamin A deficiency.
•    Educational Impacts:
o    Cognitive Delays: Malnutrition hampers learning and academic performance.
o    Higher Dropout Rates: Malnourished children are more likely to drop out of school.
•    Economic Consequences:

services due to malnutrition- related diseases.
•    Intergenerational Effects:
o    Maternal and Infant Health: Anemic mothers are more likely to have anemic babies, perpetuating malnutrition.
o    Long-term Health Challenges: Malnourished children face greater health risks as adults.
•    Social Ramifications:
o    Exacerbated Inequality: Malnutrition disproportionately affects marginalized groups.
o    Social Stigma: Malnourished individuals may face discrimination.
Addressing Nutrient Deficiency in India:
•    Food Fortification: Adding key nutrients (e.g., iron, iodine, vitamins A & D) to staple foods like rice, wheat, and milk.
•    Strengthening ICDS: Continuous training for Anganwadi workers to monitor child growth and deliver nutritional education.
•    Special Nutrition Programme (SNP): Ensures adequate nutritional supplements for vulnerable populations.
•    Creches for Working Women: Expands creche facilities to support children of low-income families.
•    Wheat-Based Supplementary Nutrition Programme: Utilizes wheat products for supplementing nutrition.
•    UNICEF Assistance: Provides comprehensive support to tackle malnutrition, including health, education, and sanitation.

o    Reduced Productivity:         

Malnutrition can diminish productivity throughout life.
o    Rising Healthcare Expenses: Increased burden on healthcare

Prelims Question:
Which of the following micronutrients are essential to combat anemia?
1.    Iron
2.    Folic Acid
3.    Iodine
4.    Vitamin A
Select the correct answer:
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1, 2, and 4 only
C)    1, 2, and 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the impact of micronutrient deficiencies on economic development and social inequality in India. What measures can be implemented to address these deficiencies?

11.    New Flag and Insignia of the Supreme Court of India
In News:
•    The President of India unveiled the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court of India during the National Conference of District Judiciary held in New Delhi.

“Where there is Dharma, there is victory” or “Victory lies where righteousness prevails.”
o    This underscores the essence of the Supreme Court’s role in upholding justice and righteousness.
Design and Availability:
•    The flag and insignia were designed by the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Delhi.
•    The flag will be available in different formats such as cross table flat, single table flag, pole flag, and wooden frame, allowing it to be displayed in various settings.
Historical Context:
•    Ashoka Chakra: Stemming from Emperor Ashoka's edicts, the chakra represents the rule of law in Indian history.
•    "Yato Dharmastato Jayah": This phrase comes from the Mahabharata, reinforcing the moral foundation of legal and judicial processes in India.

Key Features of the New Flag and Insignia:         

•    Symbols: The flag features key elements reflecting India's legal and cultural heritage, including:
o    Ashoka Chakra: Symbolizing the eternal wheel of law.
o    Supreme Court Building: Representing the institution's commitment to justice.
o    The Constitution of India: Signifying the source of all legal authority in the country.
•    Color: The flag is blue, symbolizing justice, stability, and peace.
•    Insignia:
o    It includes the Sanskrit phrase “Yato Dharmastato Jayah” in Devanagari script, translating to

Prelims Question
Consider the following statements regarding the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court of India:
1.    The flag features the Ashoka Chakra, the Supreme Court building, and the Constitution of India.
2.    The phrase “Yato Dharmastato Jayah” means "Victory lies where righteousness prevails."
3.    The flag was designed by the Indian National Institute of Law.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Mains Question Question:
Explain the symbolic significance of the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court of India in promoting the ideals of justice and righteousness. How does this symbolism align with the constitutional values upheld by the judiciary in India?