World's Second-Largest Diamond in Botswana    
Jan Poshan Kendras    
Super Blue Moon    
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)    
Shaheen-II Missile    
Slow Loris    
Teesta-V Hydropower Station    
When Vultures Die, We Die    
Coffee Prices Soar in India Due to El Nino-Induced Drought    
Aarogya Maitri Health Cube: World's First Portable Hospital    
Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars    
Parvovirus B19
Shiveluch Volcano    
Violence Against Women in India    
 

World's Second-Largest Diamond in Botswana
Recent Discovery:
•    Second-Largest Diamond: The newly discovered diamond is the world's second- largest, following the 3,106-carat Cullinan Diamond found in South Africa over a century ago.
•    Botswana's Economy: Botswana is a leading diamond producer, with the diamond industry contributing 30% to its GDP and 80% to its exports.
•    Advanced Technology: The diamond was unearthed using advanced X-ray transmission technology, which enhances the recovery of large stones without causing damage.
 

•    Assessment Pending: The diamond's potential to yield high-quality gems is yet to be fully assessed.
Diamond Characteristics:
•    Formation:
o    Geological Process: Diamonds
form in the Earth’s mantle and are brought to the surface through volcanic activity. They are typically found in volcanic landforms like dykes and sills.
•    Uses:
o    Jewelry: Diamonds are widely used in jewelry due to their aesthetic appeal.
o    Industrial Applications: Their hardness makes them valuable in industrial cutting tools and polishing processes.
Diamonds in India:
•    Major Locations:


o    Panna Belt, Madhya Pradesh        

o    Wajrakarur Kimberlite Pipe, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
o    Krishna River Basin Gravels,
Andhra Pradesh
o    Recent Discoveries: New kimberlite fields have been found in Raichur-Gulbarga districts, Karnataka.
•    Processing:
o    Cutting and Polishing Hubs: Modern diamond processing is concentrated in Surat, Navasari, Ahmedabad, and Palampur.
Global Diamond Production:
•    Leading Producers:
o    Russia
o    Botswana
o    Canada
o    Australia
o    South Africa
o    Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
•    Notable Producers:
o    Botswana: Key mines include
Orapa and Jwaneng.
o    Australia: Known for colored diamonds such as pink, purple, and red.
o    South Africa: Hosts diverse diamond deposits including kimberlite and fissure mining.
•    Synthetic Diamonds:
o    Largest Producer: The US is the leading producer of synthetic industrial diamonds.
Global Diamond Resources:
•    Russia: Believed to have the largest and richest diamond resources globally.
•    Botswana: Leading in value and significant in volume.
•    DRC: One of Africa’s major diamond producers.

Prelims Question:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding diamond production:
1.    Botswana is the world's leading producer of synthetic diamonds.
2.    The Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh is known for its diamond deposits.
3.    Russia is believed to have the largest and richest diamond resources globally.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the economic significance of the diamond industry for Botswana and the impact of technological advancements on diamond mining. How does Botswana's diamond production compare to other leading diamond- producing countries? (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Jan Poshan Kendras
The News:
•    The Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution launched a pilot project to transform 60 Fair Price Shops (FPS) into Jan Poshan Kendras.
•    Fair Price Shops (FPS): These are licensed outlets that distribute essential commodities under the Essential Commodities Act (1955) to ration card holders under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
About Jan Poshan Kendras:
•    Nutrition-Focused: These Kendras will offer a diverse range of nutrition-rich food items to consumers, while also

providing an additional source of income to FPS dealers.
•    Product Storage: They are required to store 50% of products under the category of nutrition, with the remaining 50% allocated for other household items.
•    Pilot States: The pilot project will be implemented in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.
Public Distribution System (PDS):
•    Objective: PDS is a government- sponsored system that ensures the distribution of essential goods such as wheat and rice at affordable prices to ration card holders.
•    Nodal Ministry: The system is operated under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
•    Major Commodities: The system primarily distributes wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene.
•    Operational Structure: PDS is a joint operation between the central, state, and UT governments.
•    Central Government Role: The central government, through the Food Corporation of India (FCI), manages the procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains.
Prelims Question:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Jan Poshan Kendras:
1.    Jan Poshan Kendras are a transformation of Fair Price Shops into centers focused on distributing nutrition-rich food items.
2.    These Kendras will store 100% of their products under the category of nutrition.
3.    The pilot project for Jan Poshan Kendras is being implemented in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A)    1 and 3 only
B)    2 only
C)    1, 2, and 3
D)    1 and 2 only
Answer: A) 1 and 3 only Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the potential impact of transforming Fair Price Shops into Jan Poshan Kendras on nutrition security and income generation in rural areas. How can this initiative support the broader goals of the Public Distribution System? (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Super Blue Moon
News:
•    A Super Blue Moon was recently observed, an event that typically occurs once every 10 years.
About Super Blue Moon:
•    Definition: A Super Blue Moon is a rare celestial phenomenon that combines the occurrence of a Supermoon and a Blue Moon.
•    Supermoon:
o    Occurs when the Moon is at or near its closest point to Earth (perigee) during its full phase.
o    This proximity makes the Moon appear larger and brighter than usual.
•    Blue Moon:
o    Refers to the second full moon in a single calendar month.
o    There are two types of Blue Moons:
    Monthly Blue Moon: Occurs when a second full moon appears within the same calendar month.
    Seasonal Blue Moon: Occurs when there are four full moons in a single

season (three months) instead of the usual three.
•    Historical Context:
o    The term "Blue Moon" has been in use for over 400 years. The earliest known usage referred to something that was absurd or impossible, akin to the modern saying "once in a blue moon."
o    The concept of a "Blue Moon" as the second full moon in a month became popular in the 20th century.
Significance of the Event:
•    The convergence of a Supermoon and a Blue Moon is a particularly rare event, making the Super Blue Moon an astronomical spectacle that garners attention from stargazers and scientists alike.
•    Scientific Interest:
o    Such events provide opportunities for astronomers to study the Moon’s surface in greater detail due to the enhanced brightness and size.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Super Blue Moon phenomenon, consider the following statements:
1.    A Supermoon occurs when the Moon is at its farthest point from Earth.
2.    A Seasonal Blue Moon occurs when there are four full moons in a single season.
3.    A Super Blue Moon can only occur once in every century.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    2 and 3 only Answer: B) 2 only Mains Question:

Question: Explain the phenomena of Supermoon and Blue Moon. How do such celestial events enhance our understanding of lunar characteristics? Discuss the significance of observing these rare occurrences.

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
News:
•    Vinesh Phogat Appeal: The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) recently dismissed Indian wrestler Vinesh Phogat's appeal for a silver medal after she was disqualified for being overweight.
About CAS:
•    Independent Institution: The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is an independent institution that provides services to resolve sports-related disputes through arbitration or mediation.
•    Establishment:
o    Founded in 1984, CAS was established to handle disputes related to sports in a manner similar to a court of law but with a focus on sports-specific issues.
o    It is placed under the administrative and financial authority of the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS), ensuring its independence from any sports organization.
•    Jurisdiction:
o    CAS has the authority to rule on disputes connected with sports.
o    It deals with cases of a commercial nature (such as sponsorship contracts) as well as those of a disciplinary nature (such as doping, eligibility, and rule violations).
•    Functioning:
o    CAS operates like an arbitration court, where parties in a dispute

agree to submit their issues for binding resolution.
o    Its decisions are recognized internationally and are binding on the parties involved.
•    Global Reach:
o    CAS has played a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of sports by ensuring that disputes are resolved fairly, consistently, and in accordance with international sports law.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), consider the following statements:
1.    CAS was established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
2.    CAS has jurisdiction over both commercial and disciplinary sports-related disputes.
3.    CAS decisions are advisory and not binding.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    2 and 3 only Answer: B) 2 only Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in maintaining the integrity of international sports. How does CAS ensure fairness and consistency in resolving sports-related disputes?

Shaheen-II Missile
News:
•    The Pakistani military recently conducted a successful training launch of its surface- to-surface ballistic missile, Shaheen-II.
About Shaheen-II Missile:

•    Type: Medium-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile.
•    Origin: Believed to be derived from the People’s Republic of China (PRC)- developed M18, though this has not been confirmed.
Specifications:
•    Fuel Type: Solid-fueled, two-stage missile.
•    Range: Estimated range of 1,500–2,000 km.
•    Dimensions:
o    Length: 17.2 meters.
o    Diameter: 1.4 meters.
o    Weight: 23,600 kg at launch.
•    Payload: Designed to carry both
conventional and nuclear payloads.
•    Warhead: Features a separating warhead with four small motors to improve accuracy.
•    Accuracy: Estimated at 350 m circular error probable (CEP).
•    Transport: It is transported and launched by a 6-axle transporter erector launcher (TEL).
What are Ballistic Missiles?
•    Definition: A ballistic missile is a rocket- propelled, self-guided strategic weapons system that follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver a payload from its launch site to a predetermined target.
•    Trajectory:
o    Powered initially by a rocket or series of rockets in stages.
o    Follows an unpowered trajectory that arches upwards before descending to reach its intended target.
•    Payloads: Can carry conventional high explosives, as well as chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions.
•    Launch Platforms: Can be launched from aircraft, ships, submarines, and land- based silos and mobile platforms.
Classifications of Ballistic Missiles:

1.    Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM):
o    Range: Less than 1,000 km
(approximately 620 miles).
o    Also known as "tactical" ballistic missiles.
2.    Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM):
o    Range: Between 1,000 and 3,000
km (approximately 620-1,860 miles).
o    Also known as "theater" ballistic missiles.
3.    Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM):
o    Range: Between 3,000 and 5,500
km (approximately 1,860-3,410 miles).
4.    Long-Range Ballistic Missiles (LRBM):
o    Range: More than 5,500 km
(approximately 3,410 miles).
o    Also known as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) or strategic ballistic missiles.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to ballistic missiles, consider the following statements:
1.    A ballistic missile follows a powered trajectory until it reaches its target.
2.    Shaheen-II missile is capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear payloads.
3.    Medium-range ballistic missiles have a range of up to 5,500 km.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    2 only
D)    1 and 3 only Answer: C) 2 only Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the strategic implications of medium-range ballistic missiles in South Asia, with specific reference to the Shaheen-II missile.

How do such missiles influence regional stability and security dynamics?

Slow Loris
News:
•    Villagers in Shimla Bagan, located in the Shantipur area on the Indo-Bhutan border in Chirang District, Assam, have reported the sighting of a rare species of the endangered primate, Slow Loris.
About Slow Loris:
•    Distribution: Found exclusively in South and Southeast Asia, Slow Lorises are the world’s only venomous primates.
•    Habitat: They are arboreal, living in trees, often seen curling up in branches to sleep or using vines and leaves to navigate. They rarely descend to the forest floor except to defecate.
•    Species: There are nine species of Slow Loris, all belonging to the same genus and sharing many similar characteristics and behaviors. These species include:
o    Philippine Slow Loris
o    Bengal Slow Loris
o    Greater Slow Loris
o    Kayan Slow Loris
o    Bangka Slow Loris
o    Bornean Slow Loris
o    Sumatran Slow Loris
o    Javan Slow Loris
o    Pygmy Slow Loris Bengal Slow Loris:
•    Scientific Name: Nycticebus bengalensis
•    Conservation Status: Listed as
Endangered in the IUCN Red List.
•    Legal Protection: Protected under the
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in India.
•    Range: The range of the Bengal Slow Loris extends from Vietnam to China, but in India, it is confined to the northeastern region.
Features of Slow Lorises:

•    Physical Characteristics:
o    Nocturnal creatures with large, round eyes adapted for night vision.
o    Compact bodies, short snouts, and dense fur with distinctive facial markings.
o    Size ranges from 20 to 37 centimeters (10 to 15 inches) in length.
•    Venom:
o    Possess a small bare patch under their arm that secretes oil. When threatened, they lick this oil, which mixes with their saliva to create a venom strong enough to kill small arthropods and mammals.
•    Diet and Hunting:
o    Skilled hunters that use slow and deliberate movements to catch prey like insects and small vertebrates.
o    Have a specialized tooth comb formed by their bottom front teeth, used for grooming and extracting gum from trees.
•    Behavior:
o    Generally solitary and territorial
animals.
o    Capable of staying motionless for extended periods, aiding in camouflage and protection from predators.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Slow Loris, consider the following statements:
1.    Slow Lorises are the only venomous primates.
2.    The Bengal Slow Loris is found throughout India.
3.    Slow Lorises are known for their rapid movements while hunting.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A)    1 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3 Answer: A) 1 only Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the ecological significance and conservation challenges of the Slow Loris, with special reference to the Bengal Slow Loris found in India's northeastern region.

Teesta-V Hydropower Station
News:
•    A landslide recently damaged six houses and a building of the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) at the site of its Teesta-V Hydropower Station in Sikkim’s Gangtok district.
About Teesta-V Hydropower Station:
•    Capacity: 510 MW hydropower project located on the Teesta River basin in Gangtok district, Sikkim.
•    Structure: This run-of-river project has an 88.6-meter high and 176.5-meter-long concrete gravity dam, impounding a regulating reservoir for daily power peaking.
•    Development: The project was developed in a single phase, with construction commencing in 1999 and entering commercial operation in 2008.
•    Ownership: The project is developed and owned by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).
Key Facts about Teesta River:
•    Trans-Himalayan River: Flows through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal and extends into Rangpur in Bangladesh.
•    Tributary: It is a tributary of the
Brahmaputra River.
•    Boundary Formation: The river forms a boundary between Sikkim and West Bengal.

OASHUB

Course of the Teesta River:
•    Origin: Rises in the Himalayas near Chunthang in Sikkim (India).
•    Flow:
o    Flows southward, cutting a deep gorge through the Siwalik Hills east of Darjeeling (in West Bengal, India).
o    Turns southeast to run through the Sivok Khola pass onto the plains of West Bengal.
•    Historical Course Change:
o    Originally flowed southward to empty directly into the upper Padma River (Ganges).
o    Around 1787, the river changed its course to flow eastward, crossing the Rangpur region of Bangladesh to join the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra).
•    Length: The river has a total length of about 309 kilometers.
•    Drainage Area: Drains an area of about
12,540 square kilometers.
Major Tributaries of the Teesta River:
•    Left-bank Tributaries:
o    Lachung Chhu
o    Chakung Chhu
o    Dik Chhu
o    Rani Khola
o    Rangpo Chhu
•    Right-bank Tributaries:
o    Zemu Chhu
o    Rangyong Chhu
o    Rangit River

Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Teesta River, consider the following statements:
1.    The Teesta River forms a boundary between Sikkim and Assam.
2.    The Teesta River eventually joins the Padma River in Bangladesh.

3.    Teesta-V Hydropower Station is a run-of- river project located in West Bengal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3 Answer: B) 2 only Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the significance of the Teesta-V Hydropower Station in the context of India’s hydropower potential and its impact on regional development in Sikkim. How do natural disasters, such as landslides, pose challenges to such infrastructure projects in the Himalayan region?

When Vultures Die, We Die
Context:
•    From 2000-2005, India experienced approximately 500,000 deaths and an annual economic loss of Rs 58,110 crore ($69.4 billion) due to the loss of vultures.
•    The study “The Social Costs of Keystone Species Collapse” highlights the devastating effects of the functional extinction of vultures in India.
The Role of Vultures as a Keystone Species:
•    Keystone Species: Vultures are critical to the Indian ecosystem, serving as scavengers that prevent the spread of diseases by consuming carcasses.
•    Population Decline: India once had 40 million vultures. The introduction of diclofenac, a veterinary drug, led to their drastic decline, especially affecting four species now listed as “Critically Endangered.”
•    Vulture Diversity in India:
o    Nine of the world’s 23 species of vultures exist in India.
o    Five species belong to the genus
Gyps.


o    The rest are monotypic (a genus        

containing only one species).
Consequences of Vulture Decline:
•    Increase in Carcasses: The absence of vultures led to a significant increase in carcasses, resulting in the proliferation of dogs and rats, which led to more cases of rabies and other diseases.
•    Rabies Impact: India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths, a rise linked to the vulture population’s collapse.
•    Increased Mortality: The study found an annual increase of 104,386 deaths due to the decline of vultures in areas suitable for their habitats.
•    Economic Damage: The estimated economic damage due to increased mortality is $69.4 billion annually.
Challenges in Vulture Conservation:
•    Ban on Diclofenac: Despite a ban on diclofenac in 2006, enforcement is weak, and toxic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) like nimesulide and flunixin are still in use.
•    Breeding Programs: Vulture breeding programs exist but are challenged by the continued presence of toxic drugs and the introduction of new ones.
Steps Toward Vulture Conservation:
•    SAVE (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction):
o    A consortium of like-minded regional and international organizations created to oversee and coordinate conservation, campaigning, and fundraising activities to help the plight of South Asia’s vultures.
•    Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India (2020-2025):
o    Aims to eliminate diclofenac and monitor vulture sites.
o    The success of the plan depends on strict enforcement.

Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to vulture conservation in India, consider the following statements:
1.    The introduction of diclofenac led to the drastic decline of vulture populations in India.
2.    The Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India (2020-2025) includes measures to eliminate diclofenac and monitor vulture sites.
3.    The genus Gyps represents all species of vultures found in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the ecological and economic impacts of the decline in vulture populations in India. What measures have been taken to address this issue, and what challenges remain in ensuring the success of these conservation efforts?

Coffee Prices Soar in India Due to El Nino-Induced Drought
The News:
•    Robusta coffee bean prices in India have surged to Rs 10,000 per 50 kg bag from the usual Rs 4,000-5,000, equalling premium Arabica prices.
Reasons for Price Increase:
Global Production Drop:
•    Major Producers Affected:
o    Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Ethiopia, and others have reported significant production drops.

OASHUB

o    El Nino: Worsening drought conditions linked to El Nino have exacerbated the issue.
Specific Drops:
•    Vietnam:
 

Exports:

o    Northeastern states: Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh.

o    Production down by 20%, experiencing the worst drought in a decade.
o    Prices increased by 15%.
•    Brazil:
o    Production down by 15%, with costs increasing by 40% in some areas.
Increased Demand:
•    High Demand for Exports:
o    The unique taste of Indian coffee, due to its shade-grown, mixed cropping patterns, has boosted its demand internationally.
Additional Factors:
•    Rising Labour and Input Costs:
o    Increasing costs have further contributed to the price rise.
•    Human-Wildlife Conflicts:
o    Losses due to these conflicts have impacted production.
Indian Coffee Production:
•    Finest Coffee: Indian coffee is considered the finest, being grown in shade rather than in direct sunlight.
•    Species:
o    The two well-known species of

•    80% of Indian coffee is exported.
•    Export Destinations:
o    70% of exports go to Germany, Russia, Spain, Belgium, Slovenia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Greece, Netherlands, and France.
o    Italy accounts for 29% of the exports.
Coffee Production Globally:
•    Top Producers:
o    Brazil (29%)
o    Vietnam (18%)
o    Indonesia (7%)
•    Other producers: Colombia, Ethiopia, Uganda, Peru, and India.
The Coffee Board of India:
•    Statutory Organization: Constituted under Section (4) of the Coffee Act, 1942.
•    Functions Under: The administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
•    Headquarters: Bangalore.
•    Focus Areas:
o    Research, extension, development, market intelligence, and promotion of coffee.

coffee grown in India are Arabica        
 

Regions:

and Robusta.

Prelims Question:
Question: Consider the following statements

•    Karnataka’s Kodagu (Coorg) region: Accounts for 70% of India’s coffee production.
•    Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Other significant coffee-producing states.
•    Non-Traditional Areas:
o    Andhra Pradesh and Odisha on the eastern coast.

regarding coffee production in India:
1.    The majority of Indian coffee is grown in direct sunlight.
2.    Karnataka’s Kodagu region accounts for over 70% of India’s coffee production.
3.    India exports more than 80% of its coffee production, with Italy being the largest importer.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 2 only
D)    2 only
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the impact of climate change, particularly El Nino, on global coffee production. How has this affected coffee prices in India, and what are the potential long-term consequences for Indian coffee farmers?

Aarogya Maitri Health Cube: World's First Portable Hospital
About Aarogya Maitri Health Cube:
•    World’s First Portable Hospital: The Aarogya Maitri Health Cube is an innovative and portable hospital designed indigenously under Project BHISHM (Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita and Maitri).
•    Comprehensive Medical Support: The cube is equipped with essential medical supplies, including a mini-ICU, operation theatre, cooking station, food, water, power generator, blood test equipment, X-ray machine, and more.
Design Features:
•    Aarogya Maitri Cube Cage:
o    Three Frames: The design includes three frames, each capable of accommodating 12 mini-cubes.
o    Capacity: The cage can fit 36 mini- cubes, providing resources sufficient for 100 survivors for 48 hours.
o    Master Cube Configuration: Two cages can be joined to create a master cube, holding 72 mini- cubes, and capable of supporting 200 survivors.

•    Mini-Cubes:
o    Durable and Waterproof: Designed to be durable and waterproof, these mini-cubes can be configured differently to meet various needs.
o    Portable: The cubes are light and portable, designed to be carried by a single person as a messenger bag, trolley, or briefcase, and can even be transported by drone.
Medical Capabilities:
•    Severe Injury Management: The cubes are equipped to handle several severe injuries, including:
o    40 bullet injuries
o    25 major bleeds
o    25 major burns
o    10 head injuries
o    Long limb fractures
o    Spinal injuries
o    Chest injuries
o    Spinal fractures
•    Technology Integration:
o    Tablet-Based Application: The system includes a tablet-based application that can operate all 72 cubes.
o    AI and Data Analytics: The cubes integrate advanced AI and data analytics to enhance medical response and management.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Aarogya Maitri Health Cube, consider the following statements:
1.    It is the world’s first portable hospital designed indigenously under Project BHISHM.
2.    The cube is capable of treating up to 100 survivors for 72 hours.
3.    The design integrates AI and data analytics for enhanced medical management.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 3 only
B)    2 only
C)    1, 2, and 3
D)    1 and 2 only
Answer: A) 1 and 3 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the potential impact of the Aarogya Maitri Health Cube on disaster management and emergency medical response in India and globally. How does this innovation contribute to the objectives of Project BHISHM?

Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars
Recent Study:
•    Title: "Liquid water in the Martian mid- crust"
•    Key Finding: Scientists have discovered evidence suggesting that Mars may contain vast amounts of liquid water deep within its rocky outer crust, possibly equivalent to Earth's oceans.
•    Location: The liquid water layer is estimated to be located 10 to 20 km beneath the Martian surface.
•    Data Source: The discovery was made using data from NASA’s Mars Insight Lander.
Significance:
•    First Discovery: This marks the first time liquid water has been discovered on Mars, a crucial finding in the search for life beyond Earth.
•    Understanding Mars: The discovery could provide critical insights into the Martian water cycle, which could help scientists answer questions related to the planet’s climate evolution, surface features, and interior composition.
Rapid Innovation and Start-up Expansion (RISE) Accelerator
About RISE Accelerator:

•    Launch Year: 2023
•    Organizers: Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) in collaboration with CSIRO, Australia.
•    Purpose: The RISE Accelerator is designed to support start-ups and MSMEs in India and Australia that are aiming for international expansion, particularly in sectors related to climate and sustainability.
Focus Themes:
•    Climate Smart Agriculture: Innovations that promote sustainable farming practices.
•    Clean Energy: Development of technologies that contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and promote renewable energy sources.
•    Circular Economy and Waste Management: Solutions that aim to minimize waste and promote recycling and sustainable resource use.
•    Climate Smart Mobility: Innovations in transportation that reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable mobility solutions.
Role of RISE Accelerator:
•    International Expansion: The platform aids businesses in validating, adapting, and piloting their technologies for new markets between India and Australia.
•    Sectoral Focus: The accelerator particularly focuses on start-ups and MSMEs working within the themes of climate resilience, sustainability, and clean technology.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the recent discovery of liquid water on Mars, consider the following statements:
1.    The liquid water was found at a depth of 10 to 20 km in the Martian crust.
2.    The discovery was made using data from NASA’s Mars Curiosity Rover. 
3.    This is the first time liquid water has been discovered on Mars.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the significance of the discovery of liquid water on Mars in the context of space exploration. How could this finding impact our understanding of the Martian environment and the search for extraterrestrial life?

Parvovirus B19
Recent News:
•    The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently issued a health advisory due to an increase in cases of Parvovirus B19.
About Parvovirus B19:
•    Highly Contagious: Parvovirus B19 is a highly contagious virus that particularly affects individuals with weakened immune systems.
•    Common Name: The infection is commonly known as "slapped cheek" illness due to the characteristic reddening of the cheeks it causes.
•    Historical Name: It is also referred to as ‘Fifth disease’ because it was historically listed fifth among common childhood illnesses characterized by a rash.
Transmission:
•    Airborne Droplets: The virus spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
•    Blood Transmission: It can also spread through blood or contaminated blood products.

•    Vertical Transmission: Pregnant individuals with parvovirus can transmit the virus to the fetus through the placenta.
Symptoms:
•    Asymptomatic Cases: Most people with parvovirus infection do not show any signs or symptoms.
•    Symptomatic Cases: When symptoms appear, they vary depending on the age of the infected individual:
o    Children: A "slapped cheek" rash is common.
o    Adults: Joint pains are a frequent symptom.
Treatment:
•    Self-Limiting Disease: Parvovirus B19 infections are usually mild and resolve on their own.
•    Symptomatic Relief: Treatment generally focuses on relieving symptoms such as fever, itching, joint pain, and swelling.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to Parvovirus B19, consider the following statements:
1.    Parvovirus B19 is also known as ‘Fifth disease’ due to its position in the historical classification of childhood illnesses characterized by a rash.
2.    The virus primarily spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
3.    Pregnant individuals can transmit Parvovirus B19 to their fetus through the placenta.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: C) 1 and 3 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the public health implications of Parvovirus B19 outbreaks, particularly in

vulnerable populations. How can healthcare systems effectively manage and prevent the spread of this virus?

Shiveluch Volcano
Recent News:
•    Shiveluch Volcano in Russia recently erupted following a 7.0 magnitude earthquake that struck off the eastern coast of the country.
Location:
•    Kamchatka Peninsula: The Shiveluch Volcano is located approximately 280 miles from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula.
•    Geographical Significance: The Kamchatka Peninsula is situated in far eastern Russia, lying between the Sea of Okhotsk on the west and the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea on the east. It is one of the world’s most concentrated areas of geothermal activity, with about 30 active volcanoes.
Volcano Characteristics:
•    Size and Activity: Shiveluch is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Kamchatka, having erupted at least 60 times in the past 10,000 years.
•    Structure:
o    Old Shiveluch: The older part of the volcano, standing at 3,283 meters (10,771 ft).
o    Young Shiveluch: A smaller, 2,800- meter peak protruding from the side of Old Shiveluch, located within an ancient caldera—a large crater-like basin likely formed when Old Shiveluch underwent a catastrophic eruption at least 10,000 years ago.
•    Eruption History: The volcano has been continuously erupting since August 1999, with occasional powerful explosive

events, including a notable eruption in 2007.
Kamchatka Peninsula:
•    Volcanic Activity: The Kamchatka Peninsula is renowned for its intense geothermal activity and numerous active volcanoes, making it a critical area for studying volcanic phenomena.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Shiveluch Volcano, consider the following statements:
1.    Shiveluch is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia.
2.    The volcano has two main parts: Old Shiveluch and Young Shiveluch.
3.    The Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the world's least concentrated areas of geothermal activity.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Mains Question:
Question: Discuss the significance of the Kamchatka Peninsula in global geothermal studies. How does the continuous activity of volcanoes like Shiveluch contribute to our understanding of volcanic phenomena?

Violence Against Women in India
The News:
•    The recent rape and murder of a trainee doctor in Kolkata have reignited concerns about women's safety and led to intensified protests by healthcare workers.
•    Healthcare professionals are now calling for a Central law to protect them.
Demands of Healthcare Workers:
•    Central Protection Act:

o    The Indian Medical Association (IMA) is advocating for the implementation of a nationwide law to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals.
o    Examples include the UK's National Health Service (NHS) zero- tolerance policy and the US felony classifications for assaults on healthcare workers.
•    Enhanced Safety Measures:
o    Demand for better lighting, security guards, and monitored security cameras in hospitals and medical facilities.
o    Calls for safer working and living conditions for doctors, including well-lit corridors and secure wards.
Current Provisions:
•    State Responsibilities:
o    Health and law and order are primarily State subjects, and the Union government lacks centralized data on attacks on medical professionals.
o    The Chairman of the Fifteenth Finance Commission suggested that health should be shifted to the Concurrent List under the Constitution.
•    Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Order:
o    Mandates filing of a First Information Report (FIR) within six hours of any violence against healthcare workers.
•    National Medical Commission (NMC) Directives:
o    Requires medical colleges to develop policies for a safe work environment and timely reporting of incidents.
•    Central Government Response:

o    The Health Ministry has stated that a Central Protection Act is unnecessary, as 26 States and Union Territories already have laws protecting healthcare workers.
Data About Women's Safety in India:
•    Rising Crime Rates:
o    The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 445,256 cases of crime against women in 2022, reflecting a 12.9% increase
from 2018 to 2022.
o    The National Family Health Survey- 5 found that nearly one-third of women aged 15-49 in India have experienced some form of violence.
•    Types of Crimes:
o    The most common crimes include cruelty by husbands or in-laws (31.4%), kidnapping and abduction (19.2%), assault to outrage modesty (18.7%), and rape (7.1%).
•    Persistently High Rape Cases:
o    Despite tougher laws, conviction rates for rape remain low, fluctuating between 27%-28%
from 2018 to 2022.
•    Impact of the Pandemic:
o    The Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated violence against women, with the crime rate jumping from 56.5 per 100,000
women in 2020 to 64.5 in 2021.
•    Workplace Harassment:
o    Sexual harassment in the workplace remains a concern, with slight increases in reported cases from 402 in 2018 to 422 in 2022.
•    Index on Women's Safety:
o    The Georgetown Institute 2023 Women Peace and Security Index placed India at rank 128 among

177 countries in terms of women's inclusion, justice, and security.
Strategies and Measures:
•    Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme:
o    Focuses on preventing gender- biased sex selection and ensuring the survival, protection, and education of the girl child.
•    Ujjawala Scheme:
o    Aims at preventing trafficking, rescuing, and rehabilitating victims of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.
•    NIRBHAYA Fund:
o    Supports initiatives for the safety and security of women, including setting up emergency response systems and improving public infrastructure.
•    Ministry of Women and Child Development Initiatives:
o    Administers schemes like the Swadhar Greh Scheme, providing short-stay homes for women in difficult circumstances, and conducting awareness programs.
•    Women Safety in Trains:
o    Introduction of the 182 Security helpline, CCTV cameras in ladies' compartments, and the 'R-Mitra' mobile app for emergencies.
Challenges in Laws and Regulations:
•    Implementation Gaps:
o    Despite strict laws, enforcement remains inconsistent across different regions and police jurisdictions.
•    Systemic Issues:
o    Corruption within legal and law enforcement systems can undermine efforts to address crimes against women.
•    Cultural and Social Norms:

o    Deeply ingrained societal attitudes can undermine legal protections and discourage women from reporting crimes.
•    Legal Challenges:
o Victims often face a high burden of proof, leading to low conviction rates.
•    Economic Dependence:
o    Women financially dependent on their abusers may find it difficult to leave abusive relationships.
•    Resistance to Change:
o    Resistance within institutions and among policymakers can delay or obstruct legal reforms.
•    Lack of Awareness and Education:
o    Limited awareness among women about their legal rights and available support services can prevent them from accessing justice.
Prelims Question:
Question: With reference to the Protection of Women from Sexual Harassment (POSH) Act, 2013, consider the following statements:
1.    The Act mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICC) in all organizations with more than 10 employees.
2.    The Act provides protection only to women in formal employment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    2 only
C)    Both 1 and 2
D)    Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: A) 1 only Mains Question:
Question: Despite strict legal frameworks, violence against women continues to persist in India. Discuss the socio-cultural, legal, and systemic challenges that contribute to this issue and suggest measures to effectively address them.