India 3rd Most Powerful Country in Asia:Asia Power Index 2024    
Concept of Lokpal and Lokayuktas    
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)    
Ambitions and Reality in Indian Diplomacy    
Laws for Pornography in India    
Deepfakes: Opportunities, Threats,and
Regulation

1.    India 3rd Most Powerful Country in Asia: Asia Power Index 2024
Context:
•    India has been ranked the third most powerful country in Asia in the 2024 Asia Power Index Report by the Lowy Institute. India overtook Japan in this ranking.
About the Asia Power Index Report 2024:
•    Released by: The Lowy Institute, an Australian think tank.
•    First Published: 2018.
•    Rankings: The report evaluates 27 countries and territories.
•    Indicators:
o    Ranks countries based on 131 indicators across eight thematic measures:
    Military Capability and Defence Networks
    Economic Capability and Relationships
    Diplomatic Influence
    Cultural Influence

1.    US and China as Superpowers:
o    The United States remains the most dominant power, while China follows but has plateaued in its growth.
o    The US continues to have stronger military capabilities compared to China, despite China's advancements.
2.    India's Gradual Rise:
o    India is the 3rd most powerful
country in Asia, overtaking Japan.
o    India’s power is increasing, though its influence in the region remains below its potential. It faces limitations in projecting power east of the Malacca Strait.
o    India’s advantages include a young population, large economy (by PPP), and strategic landmass, which can propel it further as a major power.
3.    Japan’s Shift Towards Military Power:
o    Japan, traditionally known for economic and cultural influence, is shifting towards a more active military role due to increasing tensions with China.
4.    Russia’s Decline:
o    Russia’s influence in Asia has declined due to the redirection of its resources towards the Ukraine conflict.
Question Formulation:
Prelims Question:
Q. With reference to the 2024 Asia Power Index Report, consider the following statements:

1.    India overtook Japan to become the third most powerful country in Asia.
2.    China’s influence in Asia is growing at a rapid pace.
3.    The United States is the only superpower in Asia, according to the report.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only
Mains Question:
Q. India has been ranked as the third most powerful country in Asia in the 2024 Asia Power Index. Discuss the factors contributing to India’s rise in power and the challenges that prevent it
from realizing its full potential in the region. How can India enhance its influence in Asia?

2. Concept of Lokpal and Lokayuktas
Background:
•    The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the establishment of Lokpal at the Union level and Lokayuktas at the State level to address corruption-related complaints against public officials.
•    These institutions are statutory bodies, lacking constitutional status.
•    The primary function of Lokpal and Lokayuktas is to act as an ombudsman, investigating allegations of corruption and malpractices.
Structure of Lokpal:
•    Lokpal is headed by a Chairperson, who can be:
o    A former Chief Justice of India, a
Supreme Court judge, or an

eminent individual fulfilling specific criteria.
•    Members: Maximum of 8 members, with 50% required to be judicial members.
o    At least 50% of members should belong to SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, or be women.
•    First Lokpal Appointment: Lokpal was appointed in March 2019 and became fully functional by March 2020 under Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose.
Jurisdiction of Lokpal:
•    Lokpal has the authority to investigate corruption allegations against:
o    Prime Ministers, Ministers, and
Members of Parliament.
o    Government officials in Groups A, B, C, and D.
o    Chairpersons, members, officers, and directors of any board, corporation, society, or trust established by Parliament or receiving central funds.
o    Societies or trusts receiving foreign contributions above Rs. 10 lakh.
Lokayuktas in States:
•    Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates the creation of Lokayuktas in states to handle corruption complaints.
•    States have the autonomy to frame their own laws for Lokayuktas, leading to variation in powers and tenure across different states.
•    Lokayuktas were active in some states like Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka even before the 2013 Act. Now, most states have set up Lokayuktas following the Act and Supreme Court directives.
Challenges and Criticism:

•    Human Rights Concerns: There have been concerns regarding the unfettered powers of Lokpal and Lokayuktas, particularly regarding privacy and potential misuse of powers.
•    Implementation Issues: Despite the law's framework, variations in state-specific rules and autonomy have created discrepancies in efficiency and effectiveness.

Prelims Question:
With reference to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, consider the following statements:
1.    The Lokpal can investigate corruption allegations against the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Members of Parliament.
2.    Lokpal must consist of at least 50% of its members from SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, or women.
3.    Lokayuktas are constitutional bodies established by state governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the role of Lokpal and Lokayuktas in tackling corruption in India. What challenges do these institutions face in ensuring accountability and transparency in public administration?

3. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Origins:

•    The SCO originated from the "Shanghai Five" in 1996, consisting of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
•    Formed to address concerns related to extremism and ethnic tensions post the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
Establishment:
•    SCO was officially established on 15th June 2001 in Shanghai, with the inclusion of Uzbekistan.
•    It originally had nine members before Belarus' inclusion: India, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
•    Afghanistan and Mongolia hold Observer Status.
Significance:
•    Primarily addresses security issues in Asia with a focus on Asian members.
•    SCO serves as an alternative to the Western international order for Russia and China, positioning itself against US influence.
•    Works in tandem with other groupings like BRICS to counterbalance US influence.
Relevance of SCO for India Regional Cooperation:
•    SCO represents 40% of the global population, with member countries contributing over USD 23 trillion to global GDP.
•    Provides a platform for India to enhance cooperation with Central Asian countries and improve relations since their formation in 1991.
•    Facilitates dialogue on common security issues with major regional players.
Counter-Terrorism Efforts:
•    The RATS (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) is a significant SCO institution,

OASHUB

aiding India in counter-terrorism exercises, intelligence sharing, and tackling drug trafficking.
Challenges for India in the SCO
•    Balancing ties with both China and Russia while addressing regional security concerns.
•    Managing relations with Pakistan and aligning India's stance on initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
•    Strategic autonomy concerns, addressing sovereignty, and enhancing bilateral trade with other SCO nations.

Prelims Question:
With reference to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), consider the following statements:
1.    The SCO originated from the "Shanghai Five" group in 1996.
2.    Afghanistan holds full membership in the SCO.
3.    The SCO's primary focus is on security and economic cooperation in Asia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only

Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of India's membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in enhancing regional security and cooperation.
What are the key challenges faced by India in its engagement with SCO?

4.    Ambitions and Reality in Indian Diplomacy
Context:
•    India, as the world's largest democracy and the fifth-largest economy, faces the challenge of balancing global aspirations with domestic needs. Navigating international relations, India's foreign policy must address both global ambitions and pressing developmental priorities.
India’s Global Ambitions
1.    Permanent Membership in the UN Security Council (UNSC):
•    India aspires to secure a permanent seat on the UNSC to have a more significant influence on global security matters.
2.    Economic and Strategic Influence in the Indo- Pacific:
•    India aims to enhance its economic and strategic presence in the Indo-Pacific region, counterbalancing China's growing influence.
3.    Leadership Among Developing Economies:
•    Positioning itself as a leader among developing nations, India seeks to represent the Global South in international forums, focusing on issues like climate change and public health.
4.    Addressing Transnational Challenges:
•    India aims to play a proactive role in tackling global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and food security.
5.    Representation in International Financial Institutions:
•    India advocates for greater representation and decision-making power in organizations like the World Bank and IMF, reflecting the interests of emerging economies.
6.    Military and Technological Advancements:
 

•    India is investing in military modernization and technological advancements to strengthen its defense capabilities and counterbalance regional threats, especially from China.
7.    Enhancing Soft Power:
•    India promotes its cultural diplomacy,

advanced military technology and force projection capabilities.
6.    Balancing Strategic Partnerships:
•    India must manage relationships with multiple partners, including the US, Russia, Japan, and European nations, while maintaining its strategic autonomy.

leveraging its democratic credentials and         

rich cultural heritage to enhance its influence globally.

Challenges to India’s Global Ambitions
1.    Economic Constraints:
•    India’s low per capita income of USD 2,500, along with a modest contribution of 3.6% to global GDP, limits its global influence.
•    India faces significant income disparities and ranks 134th on the Human Development Index (HDI).
2.    Domestic Development Priorities:
•    India must allocate substantial resources to poverty alleviation, job creation, and improving social indicators, complicating its ability to focus on global commitments.
3.    Regional Security Concerns:
•    Ongoing tensions with Pakistan and border disputes with China continue to drain resources and attention from global engagements.
•    Instability in neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar further exacerbates regional security issues.
4.    Competition with China:
•    China's economic and military capabilities far surpass India’s, presenting challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region.
5.    Limited Hard Power Projection:
•    Despite military modernization, India still lags behind other major powers in

Steps Taken to Achieve India’s Global Ambitions
1.    Permanent Membership in the UN Security Council:
•    India has leveraged its G20 presidency and BRICS engagement to build support for UNSC reforms. The US reaffirmed its longstanding support for India’s permanent membership.
2.    Economic Reforms and Initiatives:
•    Make in India and Digital India initiatives aim to boost domestic manufacturing and digital transformation, positioning India as an economic leader.
•    UPI payments are now accepted in multiple countries, showcasing India’s digital innovation.
3.    Diplomatic Outreach:
•    India follows a policy of "multi- alignment", engaging with various global powers and fostering ties through mini- lateral forums like the Quad and I2U2.
•    India’s vaccine diplomacy (Vaccine Maitri) and humanitarian aid efforts like Operation Dost have strengthened its global presence.
4.    Enhancing Regional Influence:
•    India’s participation in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) and projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) demonstrate its commitment to regional connectivity and trade.
5.    Leadership Among Developing Economies:

•    India hosted the Voice of Global South Summit and played a key role in including the African Union as a permanent member of the G20.
6.    Addressing Transnational Challenges:
•    India has set ambitious goals for renewable energy and climate action. It also launched the International Solar Alliance to promote global solar energy adoption.
7.    Representation in International Financial Institutions:
•    India has been pushing for reforms in the World Bank and IMF to increase voting rights for emerging economies.
8.    Military and Technological Advancements:
•    India’s successful tests of the Agni-4 missile and achievements in space exploration (e.g., Chandrayaan-3) showcase its growing military and

•    Expand trade and security partnerships in the Indo-Pacific and enhance R&D investment in emerging technologies like AI and renewable energy.
4.    Promoting Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy:
•    Strengthen cultural diplomacy through initiatives like International Yoga Day and amplify the role of the Indian diaspora.
5.    Addressing Global Challenges:
•    Position India as a leader in sustainable development and climate action, while continuing efforts in global health partnerships through initiatives like Vaccine Maitri.
6.    Strengthening Regional Relations:
•    Refine the Neighborhood First policy and explore new avenues for South Asian cooperation to foster regional stability and connectivity.

technological capabilities.         
Prelims Question:

Solutions to Balance Ambitions and Challenges
1.    Strengthening Domestic Foundations:
•    Focus on boosting GDP growth and addressing income disparities through investment in education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
•    Emphasize employment generation, particularly for youth, through skill development.
2.    Strategic Autonomy with Flexible Partnerships:
•    Maintain strategic autonomy while deepening partnerships with like-minded countries.
•    Continue efforts to build consensus for India’s UNSC permanent membership using platforms like G20 and BRICS.

With reference to India’s global diplomacy, consider the following statements:
1.    India is currently a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
2.    The "Make in India" initiative primarily focuses on boosting India's manufacturing sector.
3.    India’s vaccine diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic is known as "Vaccine Maitri."
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 and 2 only
B)    2 and 3 only
C)    1 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

3.    Economic and Strategic Initiatives:         
Mains Question:

India's global ambitions are often at odds with its domestic challenges. Discuss the measures India has taken to balance its aspirations for global leadership with the pressing need for domestic development.

5. Laws for Pornography in India
•    No Ban on Watching Pornography in Personal Space: There is no law in India that explicitly prohibits viewing pornography in private spaces.
•    Child Pornography Ban: Following a Supreme Court directive, the Department of Telecommunication banned several websites hosting child pornographic material.
•    Information Technology (IT) Act, 2002: It is illegal to show children any pornographic content, and this is punishable under the IT Act.

Impact of Pornography on Children and Society Psychological Impact:
•    Mental Distress: Exposure to pornography is linked to depression, anger, and anxiety. It disrupts children’s biological clock, work, and social relationships.
Impact on Sexuality:
•    Sexual Obsession: Regular consumption can result in sexual gratification and a drive to enact similar behaviors in real life.
Sexual Addiction:
•    Addictive Behavior: Pornography can cause addiction similar to drugs or alcohol, affecting brain function.
Behavioral Impact:
•    Gender Stereotypes: Adolescent porn users may adopt stronger gender

stereotypes, especially males viewing women as sex objects.
•    Violence and Sex Expectations: It may foster attitudes that support sexual violence and shape unrealistic sexual expectations.

Other Impacts of Pornography
•    Unsafe Practices: Pornography is often linked to unsafe sexual health practices like not using condoms.
•    Early Sexual Experiences: It can lead to an earlier first sexual experience among adolescents.
•    Self-Objectification: Both genders experience increased body surveillance and self-objectification.

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill, 2019
Definition of Child Pornography:
•    Any depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a child, including images, videos, or computer-generated content.
Storage of Pornographic Material:
•    Punishment: Storage of such material for commercial purposes can lead to a penalty of 3 to 5 years in prison or a fine.
•    Additional Offences:
1.    Failing to delete or report child pornographic material.
2.    Transmitting, displaying, or distributing such content except for reporting purposes.

6. Deepfakes: Opportunities, Threats, and Regulation
Context:
•    Recently, a viral video featuring an actor entering a lift was identified as a

deepfake, sparking debates about the need for legal regulation of such media.
•    The Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology discussed the use of the IT Act, 2000 to regulate deepfakes, calling for a holistic approach that incorporates AI regulation and emerging technology safeguards.
What is Deepfake?
•    Deepfake refers to synthetic media digitally manipulated to replace one
person’s likeness convincingly with that of another.
•    Created using machine learning and AI techniques, including deep learning and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).
•    While used for entertainment, education, and art, deepfakes can pose ethical and social challenges like fake news, misinformation, privacy violations, and reputation damage.
Uses of Deepfake Technology:
•    Film Dubbing: Creates realistic lip-syncing for actors in different languages, making films more immersive globally.
o    Example: Celebrities like David Beckham used deepfakes for a campaign to end malaria.
•    Education: Helps teachers deliver engaging lessons by bringing historical figures to life or creating interactive simulations.
o    Example: A deepfake video of Abraham Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address.
•    Art: Allows artists to experiment with creative expression and collaborate on new styles.
o    Example: A deepfake of Salvador Dali promoting his museum in Florida.

•    Autonomy and Expression: Empowers individuals to control their digital identity or express themselves differently.
o    Example: The app Reface lets users swap faces with celebrities or characters.
•    Amplification of Message: Helps amplify important voices, especially those facing discrimination or censorship.
o    Example: A deepfake of a murdered journalist delivering his final message.
•    Digital Reconstruction and Public Safety: Reconstructs missing data or enhances low-quality footage; used in public safety training.
o    Example: A deepfake video simulating a school shooting for teacher training.
•    Innovation: Spurs innovation in entertainment, gaming, and marketing, offering new forms of storytelling and interaction.
Challenges of Deepfake Technology:
•    Spreading False Information: Used to spread misinformation, influencing public opinion or elections.
•    Harassment and Intimidation: Deepfakes can be used to create revenge porn, harass individuals, or blackmail them.
•    Fabricating Evidence: Falsified evidence in legal and security contexts can cause significant harm.
•    Reputation Tarnishing: Deepfakes can create fake content that damages personal or organizational reputations.
•    Financial Frauds: Used in identity theft to manipulate financial transactions or steal sensitive information.
Rules Set by the Government to Curb Deepfakes:

•    IT Act, 2000 and IT Rules, 2021: Place the responsibility on social media platforms to remove deepfake content promptly.

•    Enhancing Media Literacy: Educate the public on identifying deepfakes and reporting suspicious content.

o    Failure to comply can lead to three         

years of imprisonment or a fine of Rs 1 lakh.
•    Section 66D of the IT Act: Punishes anyone impersonating others via digital means, with up to three years imprisonment and a fine.
•    Rule 3(1)(b)(vii): Social media platforms must ensure users do not upload content impersonating others.
•    Rule 3(2)(b): Requires platforms to remove offending content within 24 hours of receiving a complaint.
What Should Be Done to Address the Menace of Deepfakes?
•    Learning from Other Countries: Countries like China and Canada have regulations requiring consent, verification of identities, and public awareness campaigns.

Prelims Question:
With reference to deepfake technology, consider the following statements:
1.    Deepfakes are created using machine learning techniques like deep learning and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).
2.    Deepfakes have limited uses and are primarily utilized for generating fake news and misinformation.
3.    Countries like China require providers of deepfake technologies to obtain consent from those featured in the videos.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)    1 only
B)    1 and 3 only
C)    2 and 3 only
D)    1, 2, and 3
Answer: B) 1 and 3 only

•    Adding Watermarks: Watermarks on AI-         

generated videos can help trace content back to its origin, ensuring accountability and copyright protection.
•    Deterring Users: Platforms should educate users about content policies and implement measures to prevent the upload of inappropriate content.
•    Developing Deepfake Detection Technologies: Improve algorithms and methods to detect deepfakes based on metadata and context.
•    Strengthening Digital Governance: Clear laws should prohibit malicious use and provide remedies for victims of deepfakes.

Mains Question:
Discuss the ethical and social challenges posed by deepfake technology. How can regulations and advancements in detection technologies help in mitigating the negative impacts of deepfakes?